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Development of Imaging Methods and its Importance to Biomechanics
Sedláček, Tomáš ; Houfek, Martin (referee) ; Florian, Zdeněk (advisor)
The main objective of this bachelor thesis is to collect all available literature, from which can reader obtain basic knowledge of imaging methods. The methods are divided by its origin into four categories: x-rays, magnetic resonance, ultrasound and nuclear medicine. Each of them is described from the historical, physics and technological view. At the end the importance of each method to medicine and biomechanics is summarized.
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Radioactive Waste in Hospital Facilities
Bradáč, Antonín ; Houdková, Lucie (referee) ; Tabasová, Andrea (advisor)
The thesis is focused on a little-known issue of institutional waste produced by hospitals, the creation, collection and subsequent disposal. This thesis described the distribution of waste from various aspects, especially the characteristics and their subsequent use in the effective elimination. This thesis deals with not only this issue, but trying to get closer to negative impact of ionizing radiation on the human body, not only in the current level of radiation protection, but also in terms of the historical development of different sources and work with them, especially in connection with the use of ionizing radiation in normal human activity but also through the list of nuclear accidents. The practical part of this thesis compares the three types of hospitals primarily on the basis of a personal meeting with the heads of various departments involved in the management of institutional waste, and materials derived their visit. Specifically, the hospital Atlas and Tomas Bata Regional Hospital (both situated in Zlin) and specialized workplace Masaryk cancer institute in Brno.
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Radiation Risk Communication for Paediatric Patients in Nuclear Medicine
SOVADINOVÁ, Petra
Radiation protection in pediatric patients is a very current topic as the use of ionizing radiation in children's medicine is an integral part of the diagnosis or treatment of many diseases. International attention is paid to radiosensitivity in children. This is because a child's organism is much more sensitive to radiation than an adult's, and many parents are afraid of exposing their child to the risks of ionizing radiation. It may also happen that they may refuse the examination, but consistent and understandable communication between experts and parents can contribute to greater trust and mental peace of both the parents and their child patient. In the theoretical part, the problem of ionizing radiation, its effects on the human organism and the use of ionizing radiation in medicine, specifically in examinations at the nuclear medicine department, are described. The diploma thesis is focused on the risks in pediatric patients who undergo an examination in which ionizing radiation is used. The main goal of the diploma thesis is to emphasize the importance of ionizing radiation in medicine and to find out how communication between parents and a specialist takes place before the examination. It also appeals to the positive benefits of the examination outweighing the risks. A part of the research investigation is to find out whether parents are aware of the examination their child is undergoing and whether it contributes to alleviating their fears about the application of ionizing radiation. The research part is processed in the form of a questionnaire survey with the parents of child patients and interviews with experts in nuclear medicine.
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Estimation of average doses of the population of the Czech Republic from medical sources
ŠÍPOVÁ, Aneta
The intention of my diploma thesis was estimate the effective doses from different examinations in the area of the nuclear medicine and radiodiagnosis and find out what numbers are of the examinations in the Czech republic. In the theoretical part I worked with the professional literature, the applicable legal regulations and the internet links. The diploma thesis on the topic "Estimation of average doses of the population of the Czech republic from medical sources" is partition to the two parts. The introductory part of the theoretical work is dedicated to the importance of medical radiation within radiological methods and to the brief description the whole thesis. In the other part od the thesis are summarized the informations about the ionizing radiation - about his history, species, sources, interactions with the environment and biological effects on the organism. In the other part of the thesis which is devoted to radiation protection is listed the basic czech legislation which relates on the given topic. Further are in this thesis within the radiation protection listed her objectives, conception, principles, radiation protection methods, radiation monitoring and basic monitored quantities which are important in terms of the radiation protection. In the last part of the theoretical thesis is listed the medical radiation and his possibilities of use in the medical. In this thesis were to established three objectives. The first objective was to estimate the average effective doses in various examinations in the nuclear medicine and the radiodiagnosis. For selected examinations was calculated the average effective dose for patients who underwent the selected examination in January 2022. In the framework of nuclear medicine, it was an skeletal scintigraphy (96 patients), myocardial perfusion scintigraphy (51 patients), perfusion and ventilation lung scintigraphy (166 patients) and dynamic renal scintigraphy (12 patients). The results of these examinations were compared with data listed in UNSCEAR Report 2020/2021. In the famework of the radiodiagnosis, it was an CT brain natively (226 patients), abdominal CT natively (91 patients), CT chest native (33 patients) and CT of the lumbrar spine natively (46 patients). The results of these examinations were compared with data listed in UNSCEAR Report 2020/2021 and the results listed in the document "Medical radiation assessment" released by the SÚJB in the year 2021. The second objective was to find out how are numbers of examinations mentioned above in Czech republic. For this purpose I was provided with data from ÚZIS. Within this objective were estimated the collective effective doses. The third objective was estimated the relative probability of emergence of stochastic effects (the cancer). For this purpose was used the program named X-ray risk.
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Noise dependence in PET liver image on patient's applied activity, weight and BMI
PEJŠKOVÁ, Veronika
The topic of this bachelor thesis is "Dependence of noise in the PET image of the liver on the applied activity, weight and BMI of the patient". Positron emission tomography (PET) is currently one of the most widely used examinations in the field of oncological diseases. The goal of the bachelor thesis is to monitor the noise in the PET image of the liver during positron emission tomography (PET) with FDG (fluorodeoxyglucose) depending on the applied activity, weight and BMI of the patient. Another goal of this work is to propose an alternative algorithm taking into account BMI in order to maintain the image quality and reduce the radiation exposure associated with the examination in addition to the existing algorithm for determining the activity of the applied amount of FDG based purely on patient weight. In connection with these goals, a hypothesis was developed where, taking into account the patient's BMI in determining the activity of the applied amount of FDG, the radiation exposure associated with the examination can be reduced while maintaining the noise level. In the introduction to this bachelor's thesis, I focused on a detailed description of the principle of the PET imaging method, it´s construction and everything associated with the PET imaging method. A substantial part of the theory of this work is occupied by information related to the quality of the PET image, especially the noise level. I also specified the individual radiopharmaceuticals used in the field of PET and I focused more attention on the radiopharmaceutical FDG, which is crucial for this work. Part of this bachelor thesis also deals with the applied activity and the elements related to it, is weight and BMI. In the last part of the bachelor thesis I focused on the description of the hybrid PET / CT method. The practical part was focused on quantitative research. For this research, it was first determined what parameters will need to be found for the processing of the practical part and then data were collected from patients examined by FDG PET / CT at the PET center in the Hospital of České Budějovice a.s. for the calendar year 2021. This data was then graphically plotted and finally used for analysis. In addition to the dependence of noise on patient weight, a representation of weight on patient BMI was created. The results of the practical part showed that the noise is affected by the applied activity, weight and BMI of the patient and based on further analysis, the initial hypothesis was confirmed. The final results of this work can be further used to optimize the examination protocol in the PET center of the Hospital of České Budějovice a.s.
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Sources and interactions of ionizing radiation in nuclear medicine for radiology assistants
PRCHALOVÁ, Anna
Currently, there is not available educational text on the subject of sources and interactions of ionizing radiation in nuclear medicine that would be adequate to the physics knowledge of students in the field of Radiologic Assistant and other related disciplines. In this thesis, there was an attempt to create a comprehensive educational text on the basis of the application of curricular process theory, which discusses the radionuclide diagnostics and therapy for radiologic assistants and other related disciplines on the basis of an analysis of the current state of scientific knowledge in the examined area. The chosen topic is described in the theoretical part of this thesis and it was adjusted for the selected group of respondents in a form of the educational text. The intelligibility of educational text was verified by the statistic research using a questionnaire survey that respects the educational text and it was presented to the students in the field of Radiological Assistant.
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Contributionof SPECT againstwhole body bone scintigraphy
HOLUBOVÁ, Karolína
This bachelor thesis compares two of the main examination methods in nuclear medicine, which are SPECT and the whole body scintigraphy of the skeleton. At the whole body scintigraphy of the skeleton, some structures may overlap at different depths and thus they are not detectable. Whereas with SPECT these structures are displayed separately, their anatomical orientation is refined and the contrast of the focuses is increased. Experience shows, that number of pathological focuses, which are very well recognisable in the skeleton on the SPECT, may not be detected whatsoever or are poorly anatomically defined on the scintigraphic planar image. One research question is asked in this work: "In what percentage did SPECT brings new findings compared to the whole-body skeletal scintigraphy?" The given goal was fulfilled and the reasearch question was answerd. Images of anonymous patients with SPECT examination and whole-body scintigraphy of skeleton are used for the research, to compare the findings from the department of nuclear medicine at the hospital of České Budějovice.
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The Radiation load of the Nuclear Medicine staff before and after the PET/CT installation in České Budějovice
TURKOVÁ, Aneta
The thesis deals with the radiation load on the staff at the Department of Nuclear Medicine in České Budějovice Hospital Plc. Its aim is to compare the radiation load on the staff of the Department of Nuclear Medicine of České Budějovice Hospital Plc before and after the installation of PET/CT gadget. My thesis includes a hypothesis in which I suppose that the radiation load of radiation has risen after the installation of the new gadget. To meet the target and verify the hypothesis I used the data which have been provided by the Department of Nuclear Medicine of České Budějovice Hospital Plc. I put the data into charts and made their graphic design. The data show that the overall radiation load on the staff has decreased thanks to the increased protection against radiation. New protection aids and gadgets have been bought to make the application of radiopharmaceuticals easier. The result of my thesis disproves the hypothesis set before the beginning of my thesis. My thesis has provided the staff of the Department of Nuclear Medicine of České Budějovice Hospital Plc with an overview of collective dosage within six years, which I recorded. By the disproof of my original hypothesis it has been acknowledged that the Hospital and the Department of Nuclear Medicine secured its staff and started to pay more attention to the protection against radiation.
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Development of the number of the whole body skeletal scintigraphy in recent years (in the context of the number of PET and the numbers of patients with prostate, breast, and lung cancer)
KINSKÁ, Jana
This bachelor thesis deals with development of the number of the whole-body skeletal scintigraphy in recent years in the context of the numbers of PET and the number of patients with prostate, breast and lung cancer. The aim of this thesis is to give an overview of the development of the number of the whole-body skeletal scintigraphy in connection with the number of PET and the number of patients with prostate, breast and lung cancer from selected Departments of Nuclear Medicine since 2010. This thesis focuses on one particular question: "Has the number of the whole-body skeletal scintigraphy increase during the years?". The defined aim has been fulfilled and the question asked has been answered. The overview of the development of the number of the whole-body skeletal scintigraphy and of the numbers of PET, PET/CT scans was obtained by means of quantitative research in 13 Departments of Nuclear Medicine in the Czech Republic. The overview of the number of patients with prostate, breast and lung cancer is based on data available from the Institute of Health Information and Statistics of the Czech Republic. The results of the research show that the development of the number of the whole-body skeletal scintigraphy has a clear downward tendency during the evaluated years. An upward trend is observable in the course of the evaluated years in development of the number of PET, PET/CT scans compared to the skeletal scintigraphy. The upward development is also evident in the number of patients with prostate, breast and lung cancer in the evaluated years. For this reason, the PET, PET/CT scan is increasingly used as the number of patients with prostate, breast and lung cancer increase. This is a possible conclusion from the results generated. This examination is very suitable and very often used for their diagnosis, the measurement of the extent of cancer, but also for the evaluation of the therapy's efficiency and the possibility of relapse.
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Complications during PET / CT examinations and frequency of occurration at the Department of Nuclear Medicine in České Budějovice Hospital, a.s.
HOUDKOVÁ, Tamara
This thesis is focused on complications at PET/CT examinations. The complications at these examinations are either processes which complicate the progress of examination within the meaning of affection of the quality of outcome efficiency or health complications as the linear after effect of PET/CT examination. In the first example it concerns of uncooperative patients with the excessive movements during examination or complicated venous acces for giving off intravenous screening substances. In the second example the most substantial complications are allergic reaction after delivery of jodinate contrasti substance. The object of this work was to follow complications at PET/CT examinations at the department of nuclear medicine of hostpital in České Budějovice, a.s. (here in after NEMČB), to do their analysis and in case of possibilities to suggest some systemic preventive measures. At the teoretical part of work I foccused on basic information about PET/CT device, the process of examination and all the facts related with it. At the description of particular complications I used my experience from the internship directly at the department of nuclear medicine at the NEMČB. Based on the inspection of actual state of affairs was set the hypothesis: 1. The most frequent complication at the PET/CT examinations are caused by the patients who do not cooperate. For the practical part was undertaken quantitative analysis. Data acquisition was done at the department of nuclear medicine of NEMČB by analysis of documentation of performed examinations in the term from January 2019 to June 2019. Datas were found out from application documents, the complications were then divided into four categories similarly teoretical part. Datas were statisticaly and graphicaly processed. The results of the work is possible to use as a basis for better quality of screening processes at the department of nuclear medicine and equally as the study material.
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